In cryptography, frequency analysis is the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext. The method is used as an aid to breaking substitution ciphers (e.g. mono-alphabetic substitution cipher, Caesar shift cipher, Vatsyayana cipher). Frequency…
A mono-alphabetic cipher (aka simple substitution cipher) is a substitution cipher where each letter of the plain text is replaced with another letter of the alphabet. It uses a fixed key which consist of the 26 letters of a “shuffled…
International maritime signal flags are various flags used to communicate with ships. The purpose of the International Code of Signals is to provide ways and means of communication in situations related essentially to safety of navigation. The code uses a…
The Enigma machines are a series of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines. The first machines were invented at the end of World War I by German engineer Arthur Scherbius and were mainly used to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. Enigma…
During World War II, Enigma machines were used by the Germans to encrypt and decrypt military radio communications. An Enigma machine consists of a complex sets of interconnected rotors used to performs substitution and transposition ciphers to encrypt data. The…
In our Enigma – mission X challenge, we looked at how the Enigma machine was used by the Germans during WWII to encrypt radio communications and how code breakers were assigned the job to crack the code of the Enigma…
Dear code breaker, I am contacting you from Bletchley Park as we are intercepting an increased volume of encrypted radio signals. We are working day and night to break the enigma codes that the German Navy are updating every day.…
The Enigma machines are a series of electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines. The first machines were invented at the end of World War I by German engineer Arthur Scherbius and were mainly used to protect commercial, diplomatic and military communication. Enigma…
Cryptography is the art of encoding and decoding secret messages. Cryptographic techniques have been used for thousands of years, well before the introduction of computers, and the techniques have evolved since. (e.g. See how the Caesar Cipher was used by…
The Pigpen cipher (a.k.a. tic-tac-toe cipher) is a geometric substitution cipher, which exchanges letters for symbols which are fragments of a grid. Secret Message Using the key provided on the right, can you decode the following secret message? Pigpen…
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